Antarctic Oceanographers Use Seals To Do Research in Icy Waters Where Ships Fear To Go

Oceanographers have great difficulty conducting investigations by ship in Antarctic continental shelf areas where ice is attached to the shore, so a team of researchers has replaced these boat-based studies with sensors attached to seals, which have far less trouble navigating such waters.

A study describing the animal-born investigation technique and the researchers’ findings were published in the journal Limnology and Oceanography.

The continental shelves of Antarctica are one of the most biologically productive regions in the world’s oceans as a result of the large amount of nutrients generated by interactions between ocean, sea ice and ice shelf. In East Antarctica, strong katabatic wind enhances sea ice production in the coastal polynyas, areas of open, unfrozen seawater surrounded by sea ice. Outside the polynyas, sometime extensive sea ice attached to the shore (known as landfast ice) exists where a lot of predators such as Weddell seals and emperor penguins inhabit.

These ocean, sea-ice and ice-shelf water exchanges—particularly those between deep warm waters coming from off-shelf areas, sea-ice zones that change with the season, and coastal polynyas—play important roles in biological production throughout continental shelf areas.

As a result of the substantial seasonal and regional variation of such ‘cross-shelf’ flows of water, much more data describing how both surface and deep waters from nearby off-shelf areas intrude onto the shelf and mix with local waters is necessary for a deeper understanding of biological production here.

But due to the difficulty of conducting oceanographic observations by ship in continental shelf areas covered by landfast ice, these cross-shelf water exchanges and their seasonal variations are not well understood.

Schematic summary of autumn/early winter oceanographic and consequent biological conditions on the continental shelf revealed by the study. The colored arrows show the cross-shelf water inflow, and the white block arrows show the possible trophic energy flow. Water masses are abbreviated as follows and shown by different colors. mCDW: Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (Warm and high salinity), WW: Winter Water (Cold and low salinity), AASW: Antarctic Surface Water (Warm and low salinity). Credit: Illustration by Shinichiro Kinoshita

In recent years, researchers have begun to deploy oceanographic data logging equipment to marine animals, in particular equipment that records conductivity, temperature and depth (CTD). The CTD data are fundamental to determine the ocean water’s characteristics through the entire water column, and they allow scientists to estimate the origin of water.

“Previous studies using instruments strapped to migrating southern elephant seals and resident Weddell seals—a deep diving predator—had shown some interesting physical processes in Antarctic areas,” said Nobuo Kokubun, an assistant professor with Japan’s National Institute of Polar Research and the lead author of the study, “but even here, there has barely been anything investigating coastal areas covered by landfast ice.”

So the researchers conducted a field study exploring the wintertime oceanographic conditions and their biological consequences in eastern Dronning Maud Land and western Enderby Land in East Antarctica by attaching CTD-Satellite Relay Data Loggers with glue to the heads of eight Weddell seals in March to September of 2017. The loggers weighed about half a kilogram and were about the size of a small Rubik’s Cube. The areas were closed for their extensive amount of landfast ice and lack of wide continental shelves or distinct coastal polynyas.

Using the transmitted data from the instrumented seals, the researchers found that warm and low salinity water appeared in the subsurface during autumn, and the depth of the warm water became deeper as the season progressed. By combining with meteorological and oceanographic modelling, the researchers showed that seasonally prevailing easterly wind during autumn causes a flow of off-shelf surface warm waters as well as possibly additional prey onto the continental shelf. In fact, simultaneously recorded seal’s diving data indicated that the warm and low salinity water had positive effects on the seals’ foraging behaviour. Overall, the researchers consider that the wind-driven physical process may enhance prey availability in the Antarctic coastal marine ecosystem.

The investigation showed that seals with oceanographic sensors attached to them could be powerful tools to explore oceanographic and ecological conditions across a very wide range of Antarctic continental shelves covered with landfast ice. Now that this has been demonstrated, the team wants to go further and estimate the amount of water and prey being transported onto the shelves by this wind- driven process. Ultimately, the researchers hope to be able to use these data to predict how the Antarctic coastal marine ecosystem is responding to the ongoing rapid changes in Antarctic sea ice.

Reference: “Shoreward intrusion of oceanic surface waters alters physical and biological ocean structures on the Antarctic continental shelf during winter: Observations from instrumented seals” by Nobuo Kokubun, Yukiko Tanabe, Daisuke Hirano, Vigan Mensah, Takeshi Tamura, Shigeru Aoki and Akinori Takahashi, 12 September 2021, Limnology and Oceanography.
DOI: 10.1002/lno.11914

About National Institute of Polar Research (NIPR)

The NIPR engages in comprehensive research via observation stations in Arctic and Antarctica. As a member of the Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), the NIPR provides researchers throughout Japan with infrastructure support for Arctic and Antarctic observations, plans and implements Japan’s Antarctic observation projects, and conducts Arctic researches of various scientific fields such as the atmosphere, ice sheets, the ecosystem, the upper atmosphere, the aurora and the Earth’s magnetic field. In addition to the research projects, the NIPR also organizes the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition and manages samples and data obtained during such expeditions and projects. As a core institution in researches of the polar regions, the NIPR also offers graduate students with a global perspective on originality through its doctoral program.

About the Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS)

The Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS) is a parent organization of four national institutes (National Institute of Polar Research, National Institute of Informatics, the Institute of Statistical Mathematics and National Institute of Genetics) and the Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research. It is ROIS’s mission to promote integrated, cutting-edge research that goes beyond the barriers of these institutions, in addition to facilitating their research activities, as members of inter-university research institutes.