Catalyst Produces Useful Hydrocarbons While Removing CO2

Water is split into hydrogen and oxygen by electrolysis, but if CO₂ is also added to the mixture, compounds can be generated to make textiles, diapers and even spirits. American scientists, led by a Spaniard, have developed a catalyst that accelerates this reaction, while also removing a greenhouse gas.

A team of researchers from Canada and the U.S. has developed a catalyst that quickly and efficiently converts carbon dioxide into simple chemicals. In this way, they transform the most important greenhouse gas into useful products for industry.

“The technology of water electrolyzers is well known: they transform water and electricity into hydrogen and oxygen, but in our case, we add CO₂ to the cocktail and, instead of producing hydrogen, we can generate various hydrocarbons, such as ethylene, which is the most widely used organic compound worldwide,” researcher F. Pelayo García de Arquer, of the University of Toronto (Canada), has told SINC.

“Thus,” he explains, “we can obtain raw materials for the manufacture of products such as construction materials, textiles, paints, electronic device components, diapers… or even spirits.”

University of Toronto engineers operating the new catalytic device. Left to right: Adnan Ozden, Joshua Wicks, and F. Pelayo García de Arquer are among the team members who have designed an electrolyzer that converts CO2 to valuable products 10 times faster than previous versions. Credit: U of T Engineering / Daria Perevezentsev

The key to the new device is a polymer coating that facilitates the transport of CO₂ through the surface of the metal or electrode of the catalyst. Carbon dioxide, generally speaking, has difficulty penetrating aqueous solutions and reaching the entire surface of this material; so when the flow of electrons (electric current) is increased to carry out the reaction, there is not enough CO₂ to be transformed. 

But the authors, who have published their study in Science magazine, show that this limitation can be overcome: “We have discovered that a certain configuration of ionomers (polymers that conduct ions and water to the catalyst) allows us to considerably increase the ease with which CO₂ is distributed along the catalytic surface, thus allowing us to achieve higher productivity,” García de Arquer points out.

This ionomer coating contains hydrophobic (water-repellent) and hydrophilic (water-attracting) parts and is grouped together to form an ultra-thin layer of about 10 nanometers that helps to maintain the reaction where, from the CO₂ gas and the hydrogen in the water (H+ protons), the hydrocarbon is built.

More than one ampere per cm²

“About two years ago, CO₂ electrolysis systems were limited to electrical outputs or currents of tens of milliamps per square centimeter, meaning that only a few molecules of this gas can be transformed into something useful,” says the researcher, “but our discovery allows them to operate at currents a hundred times higher, more than one ampere per square centimeter. In this way, many more CO₂ molecules can be transformed, reaching activities that were unthinkable a few years ago.”

Another benefit that García de Arquer highlights is that the source of electricity needed for the process “can be perfectly renewable, such as solar, wind or hydraulic energy, so it is a way of building likewise renewable hydrocarbons.”

The researchers are now working on further increasing the efficiency of the system and its stability, which, although now at about tens of hours, is still far from the thousands of operating hours of the water electrolyzers. 

For more on this research, read Innovative “Reverse Fuel Cell” Converts Waste CO2 Into Valuable Chemicals 10x Faster.

Reference: “CO₂ electrolysis to multicarbon products at activities greater than 1 A cm⁻²” by F. Pelayo García de Arquer, Cao-Thang Dinh, Adnan Ozden, Joshua Wicks, Christopher McCallum, Ahmad R. Kirmani, Dae-Hyun Nam, Christine Gabardo, Ali Seifitokaldani, Xue Wang, Yuguang C. Li, Fengwang Li, Jonathan Edwards, Lee J. Richter, Steven J. Thorpe, David Sinton and Edward H. Sargent, 7 February 2020, Science.
DOI: 10.1126/science.aay4217