Catching DART Asteroid Deflection Mission’s First Words

When NASAEstablished in 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government that succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). It is responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. It’s vision is “To discover and expand knowledge for the benefit of humanity.””>NASA’s DART spacecraft launched November 24 on a world-first mission to deflect an asteroid, ESA’s Estrack network played a vital role – finding, tracking, and maintaining contact with the mission as it departs Earth heading toward its target, a 170-meter asteroid ‘moon’ named Dimorphos.

At about the length of one-and-a-half football fields side-by-side, Dimorphos is currently almost 500 million kilometers away, orbiting the Sun on a path that brings it near Earth’s orbit and out past MarsMars is the second smallest planet in our solar system and the fourth planet from the sun. Iron oxide is prevalent in Mars’ surface resulting in its reddish color and its nickname “The Red Planet.” Mars’ name comes from the Roman god of war.”>Mars’. It is part of a double asteroid system – bound by gravity to the almost five times larger Didymos asteroid.

Both space rocks pose no threat to Earth. When DART strikes the Dimorphos in 2022 its orbit will be very slightly altered and a crater formed.

NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirect Test, DART, mission is the US component of AIDA, intended to collide with the smaller of two bodies of the Didymos binary asteroid system. ESA’s Hera mission will then perform follow-up post-impact observations. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL

Data from the experiment, in part provided by ESA’s follow-on Hera mission, will help an international team of scientists understand how this ‘kinetic impactor’ method could be deployed in case a large asteroid is ever discovered on a collision course with Earth. Throughout, ESA’s Estrack network will play a vital role.

Hearing DART’s first words

The DART spacecraft weighs 620 kg, about the mass of a brown bear, and measures about 19 meters across (including its solar panels). It was launched by a SpaceXCommonly known as SpaceX, Space Exploration Technologies Corp. is a private American aerospace manufacturer and space transportation services company that was founded by Elon Musk in 2002. Headquartered in Hawthorne, California, the company designs, manufactures, and launches advanced rockets and spacecraft.”>SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket from Vandenberg Air Force Base in California and thrust into an ‘Earth-escape trajectory’.

Following lift-off, as DART climbed heavenward but Earth rotates beneath it, the spacecraft followed a unique path in the sky. Passing first down the west coast of South America then east across the Atlantic, it finally appeared above the horizon as seen from Australia.

ESA redevelops tracking capabilities down under. This 4.5 m-diameter dish antenna was added to ESA’s New Norcia, Western Australia, tracking station, where is stands ready to catch the first signals from newly launched satellites. Credit: ESA

About 60 minutes after launch, the spacecraft separated from the launcher, its transponder turned on, and ESA’s 4.5-meter antenna in New Norcia, Western Australia, captured its very first words – the ‘acquisition of signal’.

This smaller, more agile radio dish was specifically designed for moments like this. With a wide ‘beamwidth’ it offers a wider field of view than the nearby 35-meter antenna, as well as the ability to quickly tilt and point to target swiftly moving objects in the sky.

This capacity is vital, as the antenna needs to find DART as it appears above the horizon, helping to maintain contact as it departs for interplanetary space.

DART’s data, or ‘telemetry’, will inform NASA of the spacecraft’s wellbeing after launch, in particular the status of its automatic deployment sequence, and allow NASA a vital link to send commands to the spacecraft if necessary.

Following lift-off, as DART climbs heavenward but Earth rotates beneath it, the spacecraft followed a unique path in the sky. Passing first down the west coast of South America then east across the Atlantic, it finally appeared above the horizon as seen from Australia. About 60 minutes after launch, the spacecraft separated from the launcher, its transponder turned on, and ESA’s 4.5-meter antenna in New Norcia, Western Australia, captured its very first words – the ‘acquisition of signal’. This smaller, more agile radio dish was specifically designed for moments like this. With a wide ‘beamwidth’ it offers a wider field of view than the nearby 35-meter antenna, as well as the ability to quickly tilt and point to target swiftly moving objects in the sky. This capacity is vital, as the antenna needed to find DART as it appears above the horizon, helping to maintain contact as it departs for interplanetary space. DART’s data, or ‘telemetry’, informed NASA of the spacecraft’s wellbeing after launch, in particular the status of its automatic deployment sequence, and allowed NASA a vital link to send commands to the spacecraft if necessary. Credit: ESA

Cruisin’ for a bruisin’

DART’s cruise phase will last about 11 months as it homes in on Dimorphos, before impacting the orbiting asteroid at a speed of 6.6 kilometers per second in October 2022. During this period, additional ESA ground stations will support the mission.

Evening view of ESA’s 35m deep space station, Malargüe, AR. Credit: ESA/U. Kugel

ESA’s ‘big iron’ – the 35m dish antenna at Malargüe, Argentina, together with the almost-identical dish at New Norcia – will help conduct vital ‘Delta-DOR’ measurements, an ultra-precise navigation technique that allows mission controllers to know the position of spacecraft hundreds of millions of kilometers away, to within just a few hundred meters.

DART’s final days

The last ten days before impact in 2022 are super-critical. As Dimorphos comes into view, essential, non-stop footage of the arrival, collision, and subsequent plume of materials will be streamed home via the LICIACube, a hand-sized CubeSat from the Italian Space Agency, ASI, that will be deployed before impact.

NASA’s DART spacecraft is due to collide with the smaller body of the Didymos binary asteroid system in October 2022. ESA’s Hera mission will survey ‘Didymoon’ post-impact and assess how its orbit has been changed by the collision, to turn this one-off experiment into a workable planetary defense technique. Credit: ESA–ScienceOffice.org

In this terminal phase, observations of the target are needed 24 hours per day, something which NASA’s Deep Space Network cannot provide on its own due to the geometry of the spacecraft’s trajectory.

ESA’s Malargüe station will help to fill the DSN visibility gaps, ensuring radio links to DART every moment until impact.

Next comes Hera

After the deflection impact, ESA’s Hera mission will head towards the Didymos binary system in November 2024, commencing its detailed ‘crime scene investigation’ of the asteroids in late 2026.

Using its laser altimeter Hera scans Didymoon’s surface. Credit: ESA – ScienceOffice.org

By gathering data close-up, Hera will help turn DART’s grand-scale impact experiment into a well-understood and repeatable deflection technique – ready to be deployed if an asteroid should ever be spotted heading Earthward.