NASA’s Cereal-Box-Sized CUTE Spacecraft Delivers New Details About “Hot Jupiters”

NASAEstablished in 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government that succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). It is responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. Its vision is "To discover and expand knowledge for the benefit of humanity." Its core values are "safety, integrity, teamwork, excellence, and inclusion." NASA conducts research, develops technology and launches missions to explore and study Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond. It also works to advance the state of knowledge in a wide range of scientific fields, including Earth and space science, planetary science, astrophysics, and heliophysics, and it collaborates with private companies and international partners to achieve its goals.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>NASA’s CUTE spacecraft, despite its small size, has significantly advanced our knowledge of “hot Jupiters,” revealing varied atmospheric behaviors and contributing to our understanding of planetary evolution, while also offering practical experience for students.

A spacecraft the size of a cereal box has collected precise measurements of the atmospheres of large and puffy planets called “hot Jupiters.” The findings, led by a team from CU Boulder, could help reveal how the atmospheres around these and a host of other worlds are escaping into space.

The observations are the first results to come from a hard-working NASA spacecraft known as the Colorado Ultraviolet Transit Experiment (CUTE).

Kevin France, principal investigator for the mission, presented the group’s results at the 2023 meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco.

The diminutive spacecraft, which measures just 14 inches in length, may be cute, but its scientific findings are anything but. Since its launch in September 2021, CUTE has trained its single ultraviolet telescope at a series of hot Jupiters, some hundreds of light-years from Earth.

Characteristics of Hot Jupiters

Hot Jupiters are among the hottest and angriest planets in the galaxy. As their name suggests, they are gas giants like our own JupiterJupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and the fifth planet from the sun. It is a gas giant with a mass greater then all of the other planets combined. Its name comes from the Roman god Jupiter.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>Jupiter. These planets, however, hug much closer to their home stars, completing an orbit roughly once every several Earth days. In the process, stellar radiation cooks hot Jupiters to thousands of degrees FahrenheitThe Fahrenheit scale is a temperature scale, named after the German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit and based on one he proposed in 1724. In the Fahrenheit temperature scale, the freezing point of water freezes is 32 °F and water boils at 212 °F, a 180 °F separation, as defined at sea level and standard atmospheric pressure. ” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>Fahrenheit, and their atmospheres swell to enormous sizes, a bit like bread rising in an oven.

Researchers have long suspected that this constant pummeling from stellar radiation could strip away the atmospheres from around some exoplanets over millions-to-billions of years. Data from CUTE suggest that the process might not be so simple.

A diverse array of hot Jupiter planets. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA

The CUTE team, which includes several undergraduate and graduate students, has observed seven hot Jupiters so far, with more on the way. Some of them seem to be losing their atmospheres, but others aren’t.

“The planets seem to be coming in all of the flavors,” said France, associate professor in the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) and Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences.

He added that CUTE is helping scientists to build out their field guide to the many kinds of planets that exist in the Milky WayThe Milky Way is the galaxy that contains our Solar System and is part of the Local Group of galaxies. It is a barred spiral galaxy that contains an estimated 100-400 billion stars and has a diameter between 150,000 and 200,000 light-years. The name "Milky Way" comes from the appearance of the galaxy from Earth as a faint band of light that stretches across the night sky, resembling spilled milk.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>Milky Way Galaxy—including those that look nothing like Earth’s close neighbors.

“We want to understand how our solar system fits into the family of solar systems in the universe,” France said. “That means understanding the big planets, the small planets, the ones that could have life and the ones that definitely don’t—and all of the important physical processes that are operating on these planets.”

Rick Kohnert, systems engineer for CUTE, and former LASP graduate student Arika Egan pose with the small satellite on the CU Boulder campus. Credit: LASP

Getting Hot in Here

CUTE’s road to scientific success wasn’t easy.

When the spacecraft first entered into orbit around Earth, France and his colleagues quickly noticed that it seemed to be experiencing a few glitches—a normal problem for many small satellites, or CubeSats, which often test out technology that’s never before flown into space. In one case, the shutter that protected CUTE’s telescope kept snapping shut when it wasn’t supposed to.

The team, which included several undergraduate and graduate students, didn’t give up. The researchers commanded the spacecraft to open its shutter, then drained the battery that fed it, preventing the apparatus from shutting again.

CUTE misssion logo. Credit: LASP

“CUTE is still working and collecting data today,” France said. “When we got our first real science results, it was really exciting.”

CUTE observes distant planets as they pass in front of their home stars, causing ultraviolet light from those stars to dim in the process. In some cases, the spacecraft is so precise that it can detect when starlight dims by just 1%.

In a paper published in September, the researchers described their observations of a world called WASP-189b. This planet orbits a star in the constellation Libra more than 300 light-years, or thousands of trillions of miles, from Earth. It’s also incredibly toasty, with its atmosphere reaching temperatures of roughly 15,000 degrees Fahrenheit, according to the team’s results. That’s thousands of degrees hotter than the surface of the sun.

CUTE’s observations also suggest that gas is escaping from around WASP-189b at a similarly staggering rate of about 400 million kilograms (nearly 900 million pounds) per second.

Planets Evolving

Not all of the planets CUTE has studied in its first two years were so exciting. In unpublished results, the team observed a second planet called MASCARA-4b that didn’t seem to be losing much gas at all. Others, like KELT-9b, fell somewhere in the middle.

France and his colleagues hope their results could help uncover why some planets lose big chunks of their atmosphere, while others remain mostly unchanged. He suspects that it has to do with a combination of the planets themselves (larger planets generate a stronger gravitational pull) and the dynamics of their stars (more active stars likely wreak more havoc on planets than sedate stars).

Those same processes potentially sculpt planets, both in and out of Earth’s solar system, over time. Scientists, for example, theorize that MarsMars is the second smallest planet in our solar system and the fourth planet from the sun. It is a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere. Iron oxide is prevalent in Mars' surface resulting in its reddish color and its nickname "The Red Planet." Mars' name comes from the Roman god of war.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>Mars once hosted a much thicker atmosphere, but the sun eroded it away over billions of years.

Atmospheric escape may also explain the origin of a class of planets known as “super Earths,” which are slightly larger than our own world.

“There’s a lot of evidence that suggests that super Earths begin as planets the size of NeptuneNeptune is the farthest planet from the sun. In our solar system, it is the fourth-largest planet by size, and third densest. It is named after the Roman god of the sea.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>Neptune with large, puffy atmospheres, which then lose so much mass that all that is left is the rocky core and possibly a thin atmosphere,” France said.

CUTE’s greatest legacy may be its impact on students, he said. The mission’s small team of about 20 people were involved in almost every aspect of the spacecraft’s life—from building the satellite to launching it, sending it commands, then downloading and analyzing scientific data. CUTE is currently orbiting about 326 miles (525 kilometers) above Earth’s surface, and is expected to reenter the atmosphere by 2027.

“All of these things are what happens on big NASA missions, just on a much larger scale,” France said. “Our students and early-career scientists are getting the full experience from the proposal stage all the way to getting out the science product.”

Reference: “CUTE Reveals Escaping Metals in the Upper Atmosphere of the Ultrahot Jupiter WASP-189b” by A. G. Sreejith, Kevin France, Luca Fossati, Tommi T. Koskinen, Arika Egan, P. Wilson Cauley, Patricio. E. Cubillos, S. Ambily, Chenliang Huang, Panayotis Lavvas, Brian T. Fleming, Jean-Michel Desert, Nicholas Nell, Pascal Petit and Aline Vidotto, 31 August 2023, The Astrophysical Journal LettersThe Astrophysical Journal Letters (ApJL) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that focuses on the rapid publication of short, significant letters and papers on all aspects of astronomy and astrophysics. It is one of the journals published by the American Astronomical Society (AAS), and is considered one of the most prestigious journals in the field.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>Astrophysical Journal Letters.
DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/acef1c