Exercise has been shown to be one of the most effective ways to reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. Regular physical activity can improve cardiovascular health by lowering blood pressure, reducing cholesterol levels, and improving blood sugar control. It can also help with weight management and stress reduction, both of which are important factors in reducing the risk of heart disease and stroke. However, does the time of day you exercise affect its effectiveness in improving heart health?
Heart disease and stroke risk are lowest in those who engage in morning physical activity.
A new study published in the European Journal of Preventive Cardiology has found that morning physical activity is associated with the lowest risk of heart disease and stroke. The study, which included over 85,000 individuals, found that this association held true regardless of the total daily activity level.
“It is well established that exercise is good for heart health, and our study now indicates that morning activity seems to be most beneficial,” said study author Ms. Gali Albalak of Leiden University Medical Centre, the Netherlands. “The findings were particularly pronounced in women, and applied to both early birds and night owls.”
The study used data from the UK Biobank to investigate the relationship between physical activity and the risk of heart disease and stroke in 86,657 adults. Participants, who were free of cardiovascular disease at the start of the study and ranged in age from 42 to 78 years old (average age 62 years), wore an activity tracker for a week. The study found that morning physical activity was associated with the lowest risk of heart disease and stroke, regardless of the total daily activity level. Participants were followed for incident cardiovascular disease, defined as a hospital admission or death related to coronary artery disease or stroke.”
During six to eight years of follow-up, 2,911 participants developed coronary artery disease and 796 had a stroke. Comparing peak activity times across a 24-hour period, being most active between 8 am and 11 am was linked with the lowest risks of both heart disease and stroke.
In a second analysis, the investigators divided participants into four groups based on the peak time of physical activity: 1) midday; 2) early morning (~8 am); 3) late morning (~10 am); and 4) evening (~7 pm). The categories were selected according to peak times of activity in the study population, rather than being predetermined before the study began. Associations between peak time of activity and incident cardiovascular disease were analyzed using midday as the reference group.
After adjusting for age and sex, participants who were most active in the early morning or late morning had 11% and 16% lower risks of incident coronary artery disease, respectively, compared to the reference group. In addition, those who were most active in the late morning had a 17% decreased risk of incident stroke compared with the reference group.
The findings were consistent regardless of the total amount of daily activity, and whether participants described themselves as a morning person or an evening person. When the results were analyzed separately according to sex, the investigators found that the results were particularly prominent in women but no longer significant in men. Women who were most active in the early morning or late morning had 22% and 24% lower risks of incident coronary artery disease, respectively, compared to the reference group. In addition, women who were most active in the late morning had a 35% decreased risk of incident stroke compared with the reference group.
Ms. Albalak said: “This was an observational study and therefore we cannot explain why the associations were more marked in women. Our findings add to the evidence of the health benefits of being physically active by suggesting that morning activity, and especially late morning may be the most advantageous. It is too early for formal advice to prioritize morning exercise as this is quite a new field of research. But we hope that one day we can refine current recommendations simply by adding one line: ‘when exercising, it’s advised to do so in the morning’.”
Reference: “Setting your clock: associations between timing of objective physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk in the general population” by Gali Albalak, Marjon Stijntjes, David van Bodegom, J Wouter Jukema, Douwe E Atsma, Diana van Heemst and Raymond Noordam, 14 November 2022, European Journal of Preventive Cardiology.
DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac239
Source: SciTechDaily
