Chimpanzee Angie, who was studied at the National Center for Chimpanzee Care in Texas. Credit: University of Warwick
- Language is one of the most powerful tools available to humanity, and determining why and when language evolved is central to understand what it means to be human
- Being able to track relationships between words in a sentence, both next to one another and across a sentence, is foundational to language processing. This ability was examined in monkeys, apes, and humans by researchers from the University of Warwick and University of Zurich.
- Apes and monkeys were able to track relationships between sounds the same way as humans, showing that this ability predates the evolution of language itself by at least 30-40 million years
Chimpanzees Jane Tash and Nina, who were studied at the National Center for Chimpanzee Care in Texas. Credit: University of Warwick
The capacity for language is built upon our ability to understand combinations of words and the relationships between them, but the evolutionary history of this ability is little understood. Now, researchers from the University of Warwick have managed to date this capacity to at least 30-40 million years ago, the last common ancestor of monkeys, apes, and humans.
Across the globe, humanity flourishes by sharing thoughts, culture, information, and technology through language — an incredibly complex method of communication used by no other species. Determining why and when it evolved is, therefore, crucial to understanding what it means to be human.
In the paper, “Non adjacent dependency processing in monkeys, apes, and humans,” published today in the journal Science Advances, an international consortium of researchers, led by Professor Simon Townsend at the University of Warwick, made a crucial advance in our understanding of when a key cognitive building block of language may have evolved.
Chimpanzees Taffy and Maxi, who were studied at the National Center for Chimpanzee Care in Texas. Credit: University of Warwick
Being able to process relationships between words in a sentence is one of the key cognitive abilities underpinning language, whether those words are next to one another, known as an ‘adjacent dependency’, or distant to one another, known as a ‘non-adjacent dependency’. For example, in the sentence “the dog who bit the cat ran away” we understand that is it the dog who ran away rather than the cat, thanks to being able to process the relationship between the first and last phrases.
Chimpanzees Tina and Martin, who were studied at the National Center for Chimpanzee Care in Texas. Credit: University of Warwick
Dr. Stuart Watson, who carried out this work at the University of Zürich, explains: “Most animals do not produce non-adjacent dependencies in their own natural communication systems, but we wanted to know whether they might nevertheless be able to understand them.”
Chimpanzee Corral, who was studied at the National Center for Chimpanzee Care in Texas. Credit: University of Warwick
The research team used a novel experimental approach for their experiments: They created “artificial grammars” in which sequences made up of meaningless tones instead of words were used to examine the abilities of subjects to process the relationships between sounds. This made it possible to compare the ability to recognize non-contiguous dependencies between three different primate species, even though they do not share a common language. The experiments were carried out with common marmosets (a Brazilian monkey), chimpanzees, and humans.
Chimpanzee Judumi, who was studied at the National Center for Chimpanzee Care in Texas. Credit: University of Warwick
The researchers found that all three species were readily able to process the relationships between both adjacent and non-adjacent sound elements. Non-adjacent dependency processing is, therefore, widespread in the primate family.
The implications of this finding are significant, says Professor Townsend, “This indicates that this critical feature of language already existed in our ancient primate ancestors, predating the evolution of language itself by at least 30 – 40 million years.”
Reference: 21 October 2020, Science Advances.
DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb0725
Source: SciTechDaily
