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“Supermeres” Nanoparticle Discovery: New Clues to Alzheimer’s Disease, Cancer and COVID-19?

Researchers at Vanderbilt University Medical Center have discovered a nanoparticle released from cells, called a “supermere,” which contains enzymes, proteins, and RNARibonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule similar to DNA that is essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation and expression of genes. Both are nucleic acids, but unlike DNA, RNA is single-stranded. An RNA strand has a backbone made of alternating sugar (ribose) and phosphate groups. Attached to each sugar is one of four bases—adenine (A), uracil (U), cytosine (C), or guanine (G). Different types of RNA exist in the cell: messenger RNA (mRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and transfer RNA (tRNA).”>RNA associated with multiple cancers, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer’sAlzheimer’s disease is a disease that attacks the brain, causing a decline in mental ability that worsens over time. It is the most common form of dementia and accounts for 60 to 80 percent of dementia cases. There is no current cure for Alzheimer’s disease, but there are medications that can help ease the symptoms.”>Alzheimer’s disease, and even COVID-19First identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has spread globally, resulting in the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic.”>COVID-19.

The discovery, reported on December 9, 2021, in Nature Cell Biology, is a significant advance in understanding the role extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles play in shuttling important chemical “messages” between cells, both in health and disease.

“We’ve identified a number of biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cancer and potentially in a number of other disease states that are cargo in these supermeres,” said the paper’s senior author, Robert Coffey, MD. “What is left to do now is to figure out how these things get released.”

Coffey, Ingram Professor of Cancer Research and professor of Medicine and Cell & Developmental Biology, is internationally known for his studies of colorectal cancer. His team is currently exploring whether the detection and targeting of cancer-specific nanoparticles in the bloodstream could lead to earlier diagnoses and more effective treatment.

Coffey Lab

Cutline: Members of the supermere discovery team include (front row from left) Qi Liu, PhD, Robert Coffey, MD, Qin Zhang, PhD, and (back row from left) James Higginbotham, PhD; Dennis Jeppesen, PhD; and Jeffrey Franklin, PhD. (Photo by Erin O. Smith). Credit: Vanderbilt University Medical Center

In 2019 Dennis Jeppesen, PhD, a former research fellow in Coffey’s lab who is now a research instructor in Medicine, used advanced techniques to isolate and analyze small membrane-enclosed extracellular vesicles called “exosomes.”

That year, using high-speed ultracentrifugation, another of Coffey’s colleagues, Qin Zhang, PhD, research assistant professor of Medicine, devised a simple method to isolate a nanoparticle called an “exomere” that lacks a surface coat.

In the current study, Zhang took the “supernatant,” or fluid that remains after the exomeres have been spun into a “pellet,” and spun the fluid faster and longer.

The result was a pellet of nanoparticles isolated from the supernatant of the exomere spin—which the researchers named supermeres. “They’re also super-interesting,” Coffey quipped, “because they contain many cargo previously thought to be in exosomes.”

For one thing, supermeres carry most of the extracellular RNA released by cells and which is found in the bloodstream. Among other functional properties, cancer-derived supermeres can “transfer” drug resistance to tumor cells, perhaps via the RNA cargo they deliver, the researchers reported.

Supermeres are important carriers of TGFBI, a protein that in established tumors promotes tumor progression. TGFBI thus may be a useful marker in liquid biopsies for patients with colorectal cancer, the researchers noted.

They also carry ACE2, a cell-surface receptor that plays a role in cardiovascular disease and is the target of the COVID-19 virus. This raises the possibility that ACE2 carried by supermeres could serve as a “decoy” to bind the virus and prevent infection.

Another potentially important cargo is APP, the amyloid-beta precursor protein implicated in the development of Alzheimer’s disease. Supermeres can cross the blood-brain barrier, suggesting that their analysis could improve early diagnosis or possibly even targeted treatment of the disease.

“The identification of this rich plethora of bioactive molecules … raises interesting questions about the function of supermeres, and heightens interest in the potential of these particles as biomarkers for diseases,” researchers at the University of Notre Dame noted in a review published with the paper.

Reference: “Supermeres are functional extracellular nanoparticles replete with disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets” by Qin Zhang, Dennis K. Jeppesen, James N. Higginbotham, Ramona Graves-Deal, Vincent Q. Trinh, Marisol A. Ramirez, Yoojin Sohn, Abigail C. Neininger, Nilay Taneja, Eliot T. McKinley, Hiroaki Niitsu, Zheng Cao, Rachel Evans, Sarah E. Glass, Kevin C. Ray, William H. Fissell, Salisha Hill, Kristie Lindsey Rose, Won Jae Huh, Mary Kay Washington, Gregory Daniel Ayers, Dylan T. Burnette, Shivani Sharma, Leonard H. Rome, Jeffrey L. Franklin, Youngmin A. Lee, Qi Liu and Robert J. Coffey, 9 December 2021, Nature Cell Biology.
DOI: 10.1038/s41556-021-00805-8

Zhang, Jeppesen and James Higginbotham, PhD, research instructor in Medicine, are the paper’s first authors.

Other VUMC co-authors: Ramona Graves-Deal, Vincent Q. Trinh, MD, Marisol Ramirez, MS, Yoojin Sohn, Abigail Neininger, Nilay Taneja, PhD, Eliot McKinley, PhD, Hiroaki Niitsu, MD, PhD, Zheng Cao, MD, PhD, Rachel Evans, Sarah E. Glass, Kevin Ray, William Fissell, MD, Salisha Hill, MS, Kristie Rose, PhD, Mary Kay Washington, MD, PhD, Gregory Ayers, MS, Dylan Burnette, PhD, Jeffrey Franklin, PhD, Youngmin Lee, MD, PhD, and Qi Liu, PhD.

Research support included National Institutes of Health grants GM125028, CA218386, CA211015, CA197570, CA236733, CA241685 and CA229123, the Nicholas Tierney GI Cancer Memorial Fund, and an American Heart Association Postdoctoral Fellowship.

Source: SciTechDaily