Researchers are investigating the role of the brain’s nucleus accumbens in driving overeating and obesity. A recent study using rat models found differences in the nucleus accumbens between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats, showing that glucose took longer to enter the nucleus accumbens in obesity-prone animals. Furthermore, excess levels of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter, were found in these rats, suggesting a defect in a neurotransmitter recycling process. The researchers aim to explore the role of inflammation in the development of obesity and how differences in brain function contribute to susceptibility and resistance to obesity.
Molecular insights point to neuronal underpinnings of obesity.
Scientists studying the nucleus accumbens in rats found differences between obesity-prone and obesity-resistant animals, with the former showing delayed glucose entry and excess glutamate levels. These findings suggest a defect in neurotransmitter recycling, and the research team plans to investigate the role of inflammation in obesity development.
On a diet? Perhaps you’re avoiding sweets or carbs altogether or curbing late-night munchies. These are examples of behavior modifications and when it comes to food, avoiding those diet triggers can be pretty hard to do.
To understand what drives people to overeat, scientists are looking more closely at a brain structure involved in motivation, called the nucleus accumbens. This small region drives reward-seeking behaviors underlying the pursuit of sex, recreational drugs like nicotine and alcohol, and food.
“These brain motivation centers evolved to help us survive; finding food and having sex are essential to the survival of an individual and of a speciesA species is a group of living organisms that share a set of common characteristics and are able to breed and produce fertile offspring. The concept of a species is important in biology as it is used to classify and organize the diversity of life. There are different ways to define a species, but the most widely accepted one is the biological species concept, which defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring in nature. This definition is widely used in evolutionary biology and ecology to identify and classify living organisms.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>species,” said Carrie Ferrario, Ph.D., associate professor in the Department of Pharmacology at the University of Michigan Medical School.
“What was advantageous when food was hard to find has become a disadvantage and unhealthy in the current food-dense environment. This is compounded by the overabundance of over-processed, low-nutrition foods that may satisfy our taste but leave our bodies unnourished. People don’t tend to find it difficult to turn down an extra serving of broccoli, but just one more french fry or making room for a bit of chocolate dessert…that’s a different story. The real challenge is overcoming these urges and changing our behavior when it comes to food,” Ferrario added.
Given the immense toll obesity takes on virtually all body systems, Ferrario, Peter Vollbrecht, Ph.D., of Western Michigan University, and their colleagues are using rat models to understand potential brain differences between animals who are prone to over-eating and obesity and those who are not.
Previous research from Ferrario’s lab pinpointed differences in the nucleus accumbens in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats. Their latest study, published in the Journal of Neurochemistry, tracked what was happening in real-time in the brain when these animals were presented with glucose, a type of sugar, labeled with a tracer. The tracer allowed the researchers to measure this new sugar in the brain.
Sugar is the brain’s main fuel source and once there, the molecule is broken down and used to create new molecules such as glutamine, glutamate, and GABA, each with an important role in influencing the activation of neurons in the brain and nervous system.
“Glucose that is consumed gets broken down and then its carbons get incorporated into neurotransmitters. We see those labeled carbons showing up in those molecules—glutamate, glutamine, and GABA—over time,” explained Vollbrecht.
They found that glucose was taking longer to get into the nucleus accumbens of obesity-prone animals.
Furthermore, when measuring the concentration of the glutamate, glutamine, and GABA, they discovered excess levels of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter. This, said the team, implied a defect in a neurotransmitter recycling process, typically maintained in the nervous system by star-shaped cells called astrocytes.
Normally, astrocytes will pull glutamate out of the space between neurons, called the synapseA synapse is a specialized junction between nerve cells that allows for the transfer of electrical or chemical signals, through the release of neurotransmitters by the presynaptic neuron and the binding of receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. It plays a key role in communication between neurons and in various physiological processes including perception, movement, and memory.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>synapse, convert it into glutamine, and then shuttle it back to cells that produce GABA or glutamate. This sequence is crucial for turning neurons off and on. “The findings suggest that we’re getting too much glutamate and it’s not being taken out of the synapse,” said Vollbrecht.
Ferrario added, “The balance between glutamate and GABA (the main inhibitory transmitter) is really important for brain function and will influence activity of the neurons in the nucleus accumbens.”
This balance, and therefore brain activity, is different in obesity-prone vs. obesity-resistant rats.
The fact that these rats are either prone to obesity or not is important for disentangling cause and effect, says Vollbrecht. “It allows us to remove diet as one of the variables.”
The team hopes to next study the role of inflammation in the development of obesity, and how differences in brain function contribute to susceptibility and resistance to obesity.
Reference: “Differential regulation of nucleus accumbens glutamate and GABA in obesity-prone and obesity-resistant rats” by Peter J. Vollbrecht, Kathryn M. Nesbitt, Victoria M. Addis, Keenan M. Boulnemour, Daniel A. Micheli, Kendall B. Smith, Darleen A. Sandoval, Robert T. Kennedy, Carrie R. Ferrario, 6 November 2022, The Journal of Neurochemistry.
DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15720
Other authors on the paper include Kathryn M. Nesbitt, Victoria M. Addis, Keenan M. Boulnemour, Daniel A. Micheli, Kendall B. Smith, Darleen A. Sandoval, and Robert T. Kennedy.
Source: SciTechDaily
