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The Urgent Quest To Find Banana’s “Mystery Ancestors”

The scientists believe there are at least three wild ‘mystery ancestors’.

Scientists are peeling back ancient layers of banana DNA in order to find the “mystery ancestors” before they go extinct.

It is believed that humans domesticated bananas for the first time 7,000 years ago on the island of New Guinea. However, the history of banana domestication is complicated, and the distinction between species and subspecies is often unclear.

A new study published in the journal Frontiers in Plant Science reveals that this history is significantly more complicated than previously imagined. The findings show that the genomes of the current domesticated varieties include remnants from three extra, as of yet unidentified, ancestors.

“Here we show that most of today’s diploid cultivated bananas that descend from the wild banana M. acuminata are hybrids between different subspecies. At least three extra wild ‘mystery ancestors’ must have contributed to this mixed genome thousands of years ago, but haven’t been identified yet,” said Dr. Julie Sardos, a scientist at The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT in Montpellier, France, and the study’s first author.

Complex domestication history

Domesticated bananas (except for Fei bananas in the Pacific) are believed to have descended from a group of four ancestors, which were either subspecies of the wild banana Musa acuminata or different but closely related species. Before being domesticated, M. acuminata existed in Australasia and seems to have developed on the northern borderlands between India and Myanmar about 10 million years ago. Another complication is that domesticated varieties may contain two (‘diploid’), three (‘triploid’), or four (‘tetraploid’) copies of every chromosome, and many are derived from the wild species M. balbisiana.

Recent smaller-scale studies suggested that other ancestors linked to M. acuminata may have been involved in the domestication, suggesting that even this highly complicated scenario may not be the whole story. The latest findings not only validate this to be the case but also demonstrate for the first time that these gene pools are common in domesticated banana genomes.

Banana collecting missions

The authors sequenced the DNADNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule composed of two long strands of nucleotides that coil around each other to form a double helix. It is the hereditary material in humans and almost all other organisms that carries genetic instructions for development, functioning, growth, and reproduction. Nearly every cell in a person’s body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA).” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>DNA in 226 extracts leaf extracts from the world’s largest collection of banana samples at The Alliance of Bioversity International and CIAT’s “Musa Germplasm Transit Centre” in Belgium. Among these samples, 68 belonged to nine wild subspecies of M. acuminata, 154 to diploid domesticated varieties descended from M. acuminata, and four more distantly related wild species and hybrids as comparisons. Many had previously been gathered in dedicated ‘banana collecting missions’ to Indonesia, the island of New Guinea, and the autonomous region of Bougainville.

The researchers first measured the levels of relatedness between cultivars and wild bananas and made “family trees” based on the diversity at 39,031 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). They used a subset of these – evenly spread across the genome, with each pair demarcating a block of approximately 100,000 “DNA letters” – to statistically analyze the ancestry of each block. For the first time, they detected traces of three further ancestors in the genome of all domesticated samples, for which no matches are yet known from the wild.

Mystery ancestors might survive somewhere

The mystery ancestors might be long since extinct. “But our personal conviction is that they are still living somewhere in the wild, either poorly described by science or not described at all, in which case they are probably threatened,” said Sardos.

Sardos and his team have a good idea of where to look for them: “Our genetic comparisons show that the first of these mystery ancestors must have come from the region between the Gulf of Thailand and west of the South China Sea. The second is from the region between north Borneo and the Philippines. The third, from the island of New Guinea.”

Could help breed better bananas

Which useful traits these mystery ancestors might have contributed to domesticated bananas is not yet known. For example, the crucial trait of parthenocarpy, fruit setting without the need for pollination, is thought to have been inherited from M. acuminata, while cooking bananas owe a large chunk of their DNA to the subspecies (or perhaps separate species) M. acuminata banksii.

Second corresponding author Dr. Mathieu Rouard, likewise at Bioversity International, said: “Identifying the ancestors of cultivated bananas is important, as it will help us understand the processes and the paths that shaped the banana diversity observed today, a crucial step to breed bananas of the future.”

“Breeders need to understand the genetic make-up of today’s domesticated diploid bananas for their crosses between cultivars, and this study is a major first step toward the characterization in great detail of many of these cultivars.”

Sardos said: “Based on these results, we will work with partners to explore and genotype wild banana diversity in the three geographic regions that our study pinpointed, with the hope to identify these unidentified contributors to cultivated bananas. It will also be important to investigate the different advantages and traits that each of these contributors provided to cultivated bananas.”

Reference: “Hybridization, missing wild ancestors and the domestication of cultivated diploid bananas” by Julie Sardos, Catherine Breton, Xavier Perrier, Ines Van den Houwe, Sebastien Carpentier, Janet Paofa, Mathieu Rouard and Nicolas Roux, 7 October 2022, Frontiers in Plant Science.
DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.969220

The study was funded by the CGIAR Research Program Roots, Tubers and Bananas, and the CGIAR Genebank Platform. 

Source: SciTechDaily