Webb and SOFIA Telescopes Provide Deep Insight Into Asteroid Psyche’s Metallic Mystique

Southwest Research Institute scientists are studying the asteroid Psyche using infrared telescopes, aiming to understand its composition before NASAEstablished in 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the United States Federal Government that succeeded the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA). It is responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research. Its vision is "To discover and expand knowledge for the benefit of humanity." Its core values are "safety, integrity, teamwork, excellence, and inclusion." NASA conducts research, develops technology and launches missions to explore and study Earth, the solar system, and the universe beyond. It also works to advance the state of knowledge in a wide range of scientific fields, including Earth and space science, planetary science, astrophysics, and heliophysics, and it collaborates with private companies and international partners to achieve its goals.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>NASA’s Psyche mission launches. The asteroid’s potential as a leftover core of a failed planet could offer insights into the solar system’s formation.

Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) scientists are using telescopes to observe the asteroid Psyche in the infrared, providing context for NASA’s upcoming Psyche mission. Dr. Stephanie Jarmak is using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to look for water signatures on the metallic surface of Psyche, while Dr. Anicia Arredondo is using some of the last data collected by the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, or SOFIASOFIA, the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, is an airborne infrared astronomy observatory that is an 80/20 joint project of NASA and the German Aerospace Center (DLR). It is based on a Boeing 747SP wide-body aircraft that has been modified to include a large door in the aft fuselage that can be opened in flight to allow a 2.5 m (8.2 ft) diameter reflecting telescope access to the sky.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>SOFIA, to study differences in Psyche’s composition at different points on its surface.

A Glimpse Into Psyche’s Significance

Spanning about 140 miles in diameter, Psyche is one of the most massive objects in the main asteroid belt orbiting between MarsMars is the second smallest planet in our solar system and the fourth planet from the sun. It is a dusty, cold, desert world with a very thin atmosphere. Iron oxide is prevalent in Mars' surface resulting in its reddish color and its nickname "The Red Planet." Mars' name comes from the Roman god of war.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>Mars and JupiterJupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and the fifth planet from the sun. It is a gas giant with a mass greater then all of the other planets combined. Its name comes from the Roman god Jupiter.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>Jupiter. Previous observations indicate that Psyche is a dense, largely metallic object thought to be the leftover core from a failed planet. On October 12, NASA is scheduled to launch the Psyche spacecraft, which will travel 2.2 billion miles and arrive at the asteroid in August 2029.

Dr. Stephanie Jarmak is using the James Webb Space Telescope to look for water signatures on the metallic surface of Psyche. Credit: Northrup Grumman

“Using telescopes at different infrared wavelengths of light, the SwRI-led research will provide different but complementary information to what the Psyche spacecraft is designed to study,” said Dr. Tracy Becker, a group leader in SwRI’s Space Science Division.

Unraveling the Mysteries of Psyche

Psyche remains somewhat mysterious, as some previous observations have been conflicting, for instance showing variability in its surface composition in the near-infrared wavelengths as well as hints of hydration on its surface.

“Our JWST observations are designed to determine if water exists on Psyche,” Jarmak said. “Observations across the 3- and 6-micron wavelength ranges tell us whether hydration is present in the form of hydroxyl or actual water. And if we don’t find it, that wouldn’t be surprising, considering Psyche is thought to be a mostly metallic world.”

Psyche is a particularly interesting target because Earth is thought to have a metallic core, but it’s buried deep beneath its mantle and crust and is inaccessible for direct study.

Dr. Anicia Arredondo is using some of the last data collected by the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy, or SOFIA, to study differences in Psyche’s composition at different points on its surface. SOFIA is a modified Boeing 747SP aircraft. SOFIA achieved full operational capability in 2014 and concluded its final science flight on September 29, 2022. Credit: NASA/Jim Ross

Further Insights and Implications

“We used SOFIA to scan the asteroid in the infrared as it rotated to better understand if Psyche could be the remnant core of a differentiated asteroid or protoplanet,” Arredondo said. “If so, multiple impacts would have stripped all the outer layers off, leaving only a metal core. But those impacts could also lead to variability. However, observations indicate that Psyche is metal — no big surprise — and we don’t see a lot of variation with rotation, at least at the mid-infrared wavelengths.”

Metal asteroids are relatively rare in the solar system, and scientists believe Psyche could offer a unique opportunity to see inside a planet. However Psyche is so unusual, it could also surprise scientists and suggest a different story of how solar system objects formed.

“All of the observations using different techniques keep showing us results that don’t make sense in context with each other,” Arredondo said. “That’s why it’s so important that we have a mission going there now.”