Astronomy & Astrophysics 101: Exoplanet

An exoplanet is a planet that is located outside our Solar System.

While there is currently no formal agreement on what exactly defines an exoplanetAn exoplanet (or extrasolar planet) is a planet that is outside the Solar System, orbiting around a star other than the Sun. The first suspected scientific detection of an exoplanet occurred in 1988, with the first confirmation of detection coming in 1992.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>exoplanet, the word is used to refer to planet-sized bodies that are located beyond our Solar System. By convention, exoplanets have sufficient mass to maintain a roughly spherical shape, but not so much mass that nuclear fusion is triggered in them (as is the case for stars). They might orbit one star, a pair of stars, or multiple stars — or not orbit a star at all. The categorization of exoplanets is also not formalized, but certain categories are typically used, including Super Earths, Hot Jupiters, and Mini Neptunes. The discovery of the first exoplanet was only confirmed in 1992, when two exoplanets were discovered orbiting a pulsarFirst observed at radio frequencies, a pulsar is a rotating neutron star that emits regular pulses of radiation. Astronomers developed three categories for pulsars: accretion-powered pulsars, rotation-powered pulsars, and nuclear-powered pulsars; and have since observed them at X-ray, optical, and gamma-ray energies.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>pulsar.

While not one of its original science goals, the Hubble Space Telescope has made a name for itself as an exoplanet explorer — in particular by studying the atmospheres of exoplanets. The chemical makeup of a planet’s atmosphere leaves a unique fingerprint on the starlight that passes through it, which Hubble can study.

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An exoplanet is a planet that is located outside our Solar System. Credit: ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser

In 2001, astronomers using Hubble announced the first direct detection of the atmosphere of a planet orbiting a star outside our Solar System. The planet orbits a yellow, Sun-like star called HD 209458, located 150 light-years away. The planet was not seen directly by Hubble. Rather, the presence of sodium, as well as evaporating hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon, was detected in light filtered through the planet’s atmosphere when it passed in front of its star as seen from Earth. These observations demonstrated that with Hubble and other telescopes it is possible to measure the chemical makeup of alien planet atmospheres and to search for the chemical markers of life beyond Earth.

Exoplanet. Credit: ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser

In 2008 Hubble detected the first organic molecule on an exoplanet. This breakthrough was an important step toward one day identifying signs of life on a planet outside our Solar System. Hubble found the tell-tale signature of the molecule methane in the atmosphere of the JupiterJupiter is the largest planet in the solar system and the fifth planet from the sun. It is a gas giant with a mass greater then all of the other planets combined. Its name comes from the Roman god Jupiter.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>Jupiter-sized exoplanet HD 189733b. Although methane has been detected on most of the planets in our Solar System, this was the first time any organic molecule was detected on a world orbiting another star.

In 2019, in an exciting discovery, Hubble data were used to detect water vapor in the atmosphere of a super-Earth within the habitable zone of its host star. K2-18b, which is eight times the mass of Earth, is now the only planet orbiting a star outside the Solar System, or exoplanet, known to have both water and temperatures that could support life.

You can learn more about how Hubble studies exoplanets in this video.