Breaking the Booster Cycle: Nasal Vaccine Offers Superior, Long-Lasting COVID-19 Immunity

Duke-NUS-led research reveals an intranasal vaccine candidate that offers superior, long-lasting COVID-19First identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China, COVID-19, or Coronavirus disease 2019, (which was originally called "2019 novel coronavirus" or 2019-nCoV) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has spread globally, resulting in the 2019–22 coronavirus pandemic.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>COVID-19 immunity, potentially minimizing booster requirements.

• Novel findings from a preclinical head-to-head comparison show that administering a COVID-19 vaccine as a nasal spray, rather than subcutaneous injection, enhances the body’s long-term immune memory, thereby increasing the vaccine’s overall effectiveness.
• This research could help pave the way for a COVID-19 vaccination strategy that depends on fewer boosters to achieve the same level of protection against SARS-CoV-2Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the official name of the virus strain that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Previous to this name being adopted, it was commonly referred to as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), the Wuhan coronavirus, or the Wuhan virus.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>SARS-CoV-2 viruses.

Advantages of Intranasal Vaccines

A team of scientists, led by Duke-NUS Medical School, has discovered a potential intranasal vaccine candidate that provides improved, longer-lasting immunity against SARS-CoV-2 viruses compared to when given as an injection. By triggering an immune response directly at the point of entry, the intranasal vaccine candidate enhanced long-term immune memory of the virusA virus is a tiny infectious agent that is not considered a living organism. It consists of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, that is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer envelope made up of lipids that surrounds the capsid. Viruses can infect a wide range of organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and even bacteria. They rely on host cells to replicate and multiply, hijacking the cell's machinery to make copies of themselves. This process can cause damage to the host cell and lead to various diseases, ranging from mild to severe. Common viral infections include the flu, colds, HIV, and COVID-19. Vaccines and antiviral medications can help prevent and treat viral infections.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>virus, which could translate to a reduced need for booster shots.

Advantages of Intranasal Vaccines

There is growing evidence that intranasal vaccines provide greater protection at mucosal surfaces, making this a vaccination route that could reduce breakthrough infections and subsequent transmission of the virus.

To delve into this, the research team, which includes collaborators from Duke-NUS’ parent universities—Duke University and the National University of Singapore—among others, compared the immune responses from nasal and subcutaneous administration of the vaccine, as well as immunity from the vaccine with and without the use of adjuvants—substances added to vaccines to enhance the body’s immune response.

Study Findings and Future Implications

Published in eBioMedicine, the findings showed nasal administration of the vaccine candidate boosted mucosal antibody response, as expected. Additionally—and more importantly, it enhanced longer-lasting mucosal and systemic immune protection through preferential induction of airway-resident T cells and central memory T cells.

“Our data show that, compared to subcutaneous vaccination, the intranasal route improved the response of certain immune cells, known as T cells, which reduced disease severity,” explains Associate Professor Ashley St John from Duke-NUS’ Emerging Infectious Diseases Programme who is the lead author of the study. “Not only that, but it also resulted in a greater number of T central memory cells compared to subcutaneous vaccination, which could lead to longer-lasting protection.”

T central memory cells play a vital role in safeguarding the body upon re-exposure to a virus. They enhance the immune system’s memory, inducing long-lasting protective immune responses. This ability to retain this long-term memory of the virus suggests less need for a pathogen challenge to achieve the same level of protection against the virus, potentially translating into fewer boosters.

The research team also found that the use of adjuvants in the vaccine to promote immune response influenced the characteristics of T cells, as well as their activation and production of cytokines—tiny proteins that regulate cell communication and control inflammation—with different adjuvants leading to different T-cell responses.

Another notable finding from the study was that a type of antibody, called IgG, that circulates widely in the bloodstream is more effective at neutralizing variants of the virus, including newly emergent ones, when induced through the nasal vaccine route. These discoveries provide important scientific evidence that improved immunity responses from both T cells and IgG antibodies contribute to greater and long-lasting protection of intranasal vaccines from COVID-19.

Impact of the Discovery

“While the acute phase of the pandemic may be behind us, the rise of new variants, including JN.1, which has triggered an increase in hospital admissions locally, demonstrates that we have room in our arsenal of vaccines and treatments for even better tools. This study shows that mucosal vaccination holds promise for improving COVID-19 vaccine efficacy with potentially fewer boosters needed,” said Professor Patrick Tan, Senior Vice-Dean for Research at Duke-NUS.

A patent has been filed on the discovery which covers the invention of the vaccine composition formulated for mucosal delivery, paving the way for an industry partnership to potentially develop mucosal vaccines against COVID-19 and other pathogens that also target mucosal surfaces.

Reference: “Mucosal SARS-CoV-2 vaccination of rodents elicits superior systemic T central memory function and cross-neutralising antibodies against variants of concern” by Aled O’Neill, Chinmay Kumar Mantri, Chee Wah Tan, Wilfried A.A. Saron, Santhosh Kambaiah Nagaraj, Monica Palanichamy Kala, Christy Margarat Joy, Abhay P.S. Rathore, Shashank Tripathi, Lin-Fa Wang and Ashley L. St. John, 18 December 2023, eBioMedicine.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104924