Revolutionizing Paleontology: The First Dinosaur Eggs Were Not What We Expected

A recent study on the newly discovered Qianlong shouhu, an early JurassicThe Jurassic period is a geologic time period and system that spanned 56 million years from the end of the Triassic Period about 201.3 million years ago to the beginning of the Cretaceous Period 145 million years ago. It constitutes the middle period of the Mesozoic Era and is divided into three epochs: Early, Middle, and Late. The name "Jurassic" was given to the period by geologists in the early 19th century based on the rock formations found in the Jura Mountains, which were formed during the Jurassic period.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>Jurassic sauropodomorph, suggests that the earliest dinosaur eggs had leathery shells. This finding, derived from comprehensive analyses of dinosaur fossils, indicates significant evolutionary changes in dinosaur egg morphology. The study also contributes to our understanding of the ancestral reproductive traits of various reptilian clades.

Dinosaur Reproductive Biology

The discovery of several exceptionally preserved reproduction-related dinosaur specimens over the last three decades has improved our knowledge of dinosaur reproductive biology. Nevertheless, due to limited fossil evidence and a lack of quantitative analysis on a broad phylogenetic scale, much about dinosaur reproduction remained unclear, especially pre-CretaceousThe Cretaceous is a geological period that lasted from about 145 to 66 million years ago. It is the third and final period of the Mesozoic Era. It ended with the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>Cretaceous evolutionary history.

Breakthrough in Egg Morphology Research

Now, however, a recent fossil discovery by researchers from the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology (IVPP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), as well as associated analyses, suggests that the first dinosaur egg was leathery, and the major transition in egg morphology occurred early in the evolution of theropod dinosaurs rather than near the origin of birds.

Skeletal reconstructions of adult and juvenile Qianlong. Credit: IVPP

Discovery of Qianlong Shouhu

The study, which was recently published in the National Science Review, reports the discovery of specimens of a new early Jurassic early-diverged sauropodomorph dinosaur speciesA species is a group of living organisms that share a set of common characteristics and are able to breed and produce fertile offspring. The concept of a species is important in biology as it is used to classify and organize the diversity of life. There are different ways to define a species, but the most widely accepted one is the biological species concept, which defines a species as a group of organisms that can interbreed and produce viable offspring in nature. This definition is widely used in evolutionary biology and ecology to identify and classify living organisms.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>species in Guizhou, China—Qianlong shouhu—comprising three skeletons from adult individuals and five egg clutches. This discovery may represent the earliest fossil record of the association between adult dinosaurs and nests, and the species name reflects this association: Qianlong means “Guizhou dragon,” while shouhu means “guarding”—a reference to the preservation of adult skeletal fossils in association with embryo-containing egg fossils.

Qianlong was a medium-sized basal sauropodomorph dinosaur that weighed one ton and was about six meters (20 feet) long. The embryos display some differences from the adults, e.g., a proportionally longer skull, a more vertical anterior margin of the snout, and fewer teeth.

Comparison of fossil eggs (c) with existing soft-shelled, leathery, and hard-shelled eggs. Credit: IVPP

Insights into Qianlong Behavior and Anatomy

Allometric analyses of limb ratios between the adult and embryonic specimens indicate that adult Qianlong was able to walk on its hindlimbs, but the babies were likely quadrupedal. The general taphonomical and sedimentary features indicate that Qianlong might have practiced colonial nesting as a reproductive behavior, similar to other basal sauropodomorphs including Massospondylus and Mussaurus.

The researchers also examined the eggshell microstructure of Qianlong using multiple techniques, including histological thin-sectioning, electron backscatter diffraction, energy-dispersive spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that Qianlong possessed eggshell microstructures similar to other Cretaceous dinosaur egg fossils, which likely consisted of two layers—the mammillary layer and continuous layer—and had fully developed eggshell units. The calcareous layer of Qianlong eggs was much thicker than that of most soft-shelled eggs but thinner than that of hard-shelled eggs. The comparison of eggshell fragmentation among different eggshell types also suggests that the eggshell surface of Qianlong featured small fragments, similar to a leathery eggshell, in contrast with the folded surface of soft-shelled eggs or the large-fragmented surface of hard-shelled eggs. These observations indicate that Qianlong laid leathery eggs.

Summary of ancestral eggshell type for major nodes with the maximum posterior probabilities in all ASR analyses. Credit: IVPP

Evolutionary Trends in Dinosaur Eggs

In order to test the macroevolutionary patterns of selected reproductive traits across the dinosaur–bird transition, the researchers assembled data from 210 fossil and extant species representing all major reptilian clades and tested evolutionary trends using multiple time-scaled phylogenies.

They found that relative egg size decreased from the base of the Diapsida to that of the Saurischia but displayed an increasing trend from early theropods to the crown bird node. The most significant egg-size increase occurred early in theropod evolution. In terms of eggshell thickness, they discovered that thickness tended to decrease from the base of the archosaur to the base of the Saurischia, followed by a significant increase in eggshell thickness early in theropod evolution. An increasing trend in eggshell thickness also occurred in sauropodomorph evolution.

Egg shape was generally conserved in the evolution of diapsids to living birds. For example, although theropod egg elongation reached its peak in oviraptorosaurs—with the greatest egg elongation among diapsids—it would later return to its ancestral state. As a result, only slightly elongated eggs were inherited by all crown bird clades.

All in all, reconstruction of the ancestral state of various eggshell types supports the conclusion that the first dinosaur egg was probably leathery, relatively small, and elliptical. Furthermore, a leathery eggshell was probably the ancestral state of Avemetatarsalia, Archosauria, and Testudines.

Reference: “Exceptional Early Jurassic fossils with leathery eggs shed light on dinosaur reproductive biology” by Fenglu Han, Yilun Yu, Shukang Zhang, Rong Zeng, Xinjin Wang, Huiyang Cai, Tianzhuang Wu, Yingfeng Wen, Sifu Cai, Chun Li, Rui Wu, Qi Zhao and Xing Xu, 9 October 2023, National Science Review.
DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad258