Yale Scientists Shed Light on Mysteries of Long COVID

Individuals suffering from prolonged symptoms such as brain fog, confusion, pain, and extreme fatigue following COVID-19First identified in 2019 in Wuhan, China, COVID-19, or Coronavirus disease 2019, (which was originally called "2019 novel coronavirus" or 2019-nCoV) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has spread globally, resulting in the 2019–22 coronavirus pandemic.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>COVID-19 infection show distinct immune and hormonal responses compared to those without long COVID, according to a new study by researchers at Yale School of Medicine and Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai.

The identification of these distinct responses can help scientists for the first time identify the causes — and potentially explore cures — for the often debilitating illness that has afflicted millions of people worldwide. Approximately 7.5% of individuals in the U.S. who contract the SARS-CoV-2Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the official name of the virus strain that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Previous to this name being adopted, it was commonly referred to as the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), the Wuhan coronavirus, or the Wuhan virus.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>SARS-CoV-2 virusA virus is a tiny infectious agent that is not considered a living organism. It consists of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, that is surrounded by a protein coat called a capsid. Some viruses also have an outer envelope made up of lipids that surrounds the capsid. Viruses can infect a wide range of organisms, including humans, animals, plants, and even bacteria. They rely on host cells to replicate and multiply, hijacking the cell's machinery to make copies of themselves. This process can cause damage to the host cell and lead to various diseases, ranging from mild to severe. Common viral infections include the flu, colds, HIV, and COVID-19. Vaccines and antiviral medications can help prevent and treat viral infections.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]”>virus latter suffer from long COVID.

Distinct Biological Responses in Long COVID Patients

“If you are a doctor doing routine lab work on these patients, you are not going to find these signals,” said Akiko Iwasaki, Sterling Professor of Immunobiology at Yale and co-senior author of the paper.

The findings were recently published in the journal Nature.

For the study, researchers analyzed blood samples from 268 people who had either experienced long COVID symptoms for an average of one year; had been infected with COVID-19 but had fully recovered; or had no known prior infections. The researchers observed significant differences between the circulating antibodies and other immune system cells among those with long COVID and the other groups of patients.

Immune and Hormonal Changes

Among those who had exhibited long COVID researchers also found increased circulation of antibodies that help the body fight non-COVID-19 viruses, particularly those known to defend against Epstein-Barr virus, a human herpesvirus that has been linked with many cancers. In addition, these patients had markedly lower levels of cortisol, a steroid hormone released by the adrenal glands in times of stress.

While these findings reveal key biological processes associated with long COVID, the complexity of individual responses means developing therapies to treat the ailment will be difficult, the authors say.

“There is no ‘silver bullet’ for treating long COVID because it is an illness that infiltrates complex systems such as the immune and hormonal regulation,” said co-senior author David Putrino, a professor of rehabilitation and human performance at Icahn Mount Sinai and director of the Cohen Center for Recovery From Complex Chronic Illness.

Towards New Diagnostics and Therapies

The new insights, however, provide important clues that may help in developing new diagnostics and therapies, Iwasaki said.

“Once we have more information on these signals, we can start to think about designing the right trials to treat this condition,” she said.

Reference: “Distinguishing features of long COVID identified through immune profiling” by Jon Klein, Jamie Wood, Jillian R. Jaycox, Rahul M. Dhodapkar, Peiwen Lu, Jeff R. Gehlhausen, Alexandra Tabachnikova, Kerrie Greene, Laura Tabacof, Amyn A. Malik, Valter Silva Monteiro, Julio Silva, Kathy Kamath, Minlu Zhang, Abhilash Dhal, Isabel M. Ott, Gabrielee Valle, Mario Peña-Hernández, Tianyang Mao, Bornali Bhattacharjee, Takehiro Takahashi, Carolina Lucas, Eric Song, Dayna McCarthy, Erica Breyman, Jenna Tosto-Mancuso, Yile Dai, Emily Perotti, Koray Akduman, Tiffany J. Tzeng, Lan Xu, Anna C. Geraghty, Michelle Monje, Inci Yildirim, John Shon, Ruslan Medzhitov, Denyse Lutchmansingh, Jennifer D. Possick, Naftali Kaminski, Saad B. Omer, Harlan M. Krumholz, Leying Guan, Charles S. Dela Cruz, David van Dijk, Aaron M. Ring, David Putrino and Akiko Iwasaki, 25 September 2023, Nature.
DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06651-y

Co-senior authors are Aaron Ring, an associate professor at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center who conducted the research while at Yale School of Medicine, and David van Dijk of the Icahn School of Medicine.

Jon Klein, Jillian Jaycox, Rahul Dhodapkar, Peiwin Lu, Jeff Gehlhausen, and Alexandra Tabachnikova, all from Yale, are co-lead authors of the research.