Fusion Research Advances: New Views on Energetic Ion Flow

New observations at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility offer vital insights into energetic ions in fusion plasmas, key for fusion power development and space plasmaPlasma is one of the four fundamental states of matter, along with solid, liquid, and gas. It is an ionized gas consisting of positive ions and free electrons. It was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>plasma understanding, with implications for satellite technology.

In a burning plasma, maintaining confinement of fusion-produced energetic ions is essential to producing energy. These fusion plasmas host a wide array of electromagnetic waves that can push energetic ions out of the plasma. This reduces the heating of the plasma from fusion reaction products and ends the burning plasma state.

Recent measurements at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility provide the first direct observations of energetic ions moving through space and energy in a tokamak. Researchers combined these measurements with advanced computer models of electromagnetic waves and how they interact with energetic ions. The results provide an improved understanding of the interplay between plasma waves and energetic ions in fusion plasmas.

Advancements in Fusion Research and Practical Applications

Plasma physics and fusion research are moving from experimental facilities toward demonstration power plant designs. To make this move a success, researchers need accurate simulations and other tools that predict how power plant designs will perform. Most current facilities do not produce burning plasmas. However, researchers understand much of the relevant physics and are developing simulations to reproduce observed experimental behavior.

The current research made new measurements of energetic ion flow in the DIII-D tokamak. This will accelerate the development of models that account for all relevant wave-ion interaction dynamics.

This improved understanding also allows for the application of phase-space engineering. Researchers can use this process to design new fusion plasma scenarios based on predicted ideal interactions between waves and ions. Notably, these interactions can also impair satellites, so this research may help improve their reliability.

Measured (left) and simulated (right) energetic ion flow in DIII-D plasmas. Beginning at the injected energies of neutral beams, injected ions move in space and energy due to interactions with electromagnetic waves. Credit: X.D. Du, General Atomics

Innovations at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility

Researchers at the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a Department of Energy user facility, have used the first measurements from a new diagnostic system, the Imaging Neutral Particle Analyzer (INPA), to observe the flow of energetic ions in a tokamak. A multi-year effort to conceptualize, design, and build the INPA has now provided the first-ever capability to observe this behavior.

After being injected into the tokamak by neutral beams, energetic ions interact with electromagnetic plasma waves and flow in energy and position through the tokamak. Simulations reproduce the observed behavior, thereby demonstrating the accuracyHow close the measured value conforms to the correct value.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>accuracy of first-principles models in describing the underlying physics. Improved understanding of these wave-particle interactions is relevant to the design of fusion power plants and understanding the behavior of plasmas observed in outer space.

The INPA measures the energy of neutral beam-injected energetic ions, which have energies greater than that of the background plasma, across time and spatial position from the hot plasma core to the cold plasma edge, where the ions may be lost. Coupled with advanced high-performance computing simulations that model both the spectrum of electromagnetic waves and the interactions with energetic ions, these experiments provide the most detailed understanding of the interplay between plasma waves and energetic ions in fusion plasmas.

This improved understanding also allows researchers to apply phase-space engineering, a process in which they design new fusion plasma scenarios based on predicted ideal interactions between waves and ions. These types of interactions occur in outer space. For example, electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves cause electrons to flow through space and energy.

In some instances, electrons have been accelerated such that they cause malfunctions in satellites. Improved understanding of wave-particle resonant interaction processes via fusion plasma research contributes to simulations of outer space plasma, which could improve the reliability of future satellite missions.

References:

“Visualization of fast ion phase-space flow in plasmas well-below, near and well-above Alfvén eigenmode stability threshold in tokamak” by X.D. Du, W.W. Heidbrink, M.A. Van Zeeland, J. Gonzalez-Martin, M.E. Austin, Z. Yan and G.R. McKee, 8 March 2023, Nuclear Fusion.
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/acbec5

“Modelling the Alfvén eigenmode induced fast-ion flow measured by an imaging neutral particle analyzer” by J. Gonzalez-Martin, X.D. Du, W.W. Heidbrink, M.A. Van Zeeland, K. Särkimäki, A. Snicker, X. Wang and Y. Todo, 29 September 2022, Nuclear Fusion.
DOI: 10.1088/1741-4326/ac7406

“Visualization of Fast Ion Phase-Space Flow Driven by Alfvén Instabilities” by X. D. Du, M. A. Van Zeeland, W. W. Heidbrink, J. Gonzalez-Martin, K. Särkimäki, A. Snicker, D. Lin, C. S. Collins, M. E. Austin, G. R. McKee, Z. Yan, Y. Todo and W. Wu, 1 December 2021, Physical Review LettersPhysical Review Letters (PRL) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the American Physical Society. It is one of the most prestigious and influential journals in physics, with a high impact factor and a reputation for publishing groundbreaking research in all areas of physics, from particle physics to condensed matter physics and beyond. PRL is known for its rigorous standards and short article format, with a maximum length of four pages, making it an important venue for rapid communication of new findings and ideas in the physics community.” data-gt-translate-attributes=”[{“attribute”:”data-cmtooltip”, “format”:”html”}]” tabindex=”0″ role=”link”>Physical Review Letters.
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.235002

This work was supported by the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, Office of Fusion Energy Sciences, using the DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a DOE Office of Science user facility.